Charles
Renard (1847 - 1905)
At the Paris Exposition of
1889, Commandant Renard, of the French Aeronautical
Department, exhibited, in connection with the dirigible war
balloon "La France," an apparatus which he had designed some
years before (1873) as embodying his conception of a flying
machine, and which he termed a "dirigible parachute."
This is shown in fig. 64,
and consists in an oviform body, to which is pivoted a
couple of standards carrying a series of narrow and long
superposed flat blades, intended to sustain the machine when
gliding downward through the air.
Renard's "Dirigible Parachute", 1889
The dotted lines in the
side view indicate the maximum angle of inclination which it
was proposed to give to this similitude of a Venetian blind,
and it is evident that by setting it at the proper angle,
and dropping the apparatus from a balloon, it can be made to
travel back against the wind a considerable distance, and
also that it ma' be steered laterally by the addition of a
rudder. Beneath the body a sort of skate will be noticed,
probably intended to glide over the ground in alighting, or
in obtaining initial velocity to rise should a motor be
applied; but the French War Department is reticent
concerning its experiments in aerial navigation, and the
writer has been unable to gather any information concerning
the working of this apparatus.
Renard's "Dirigible Parachute", 1889
It will be noted that
Commandant Renard proposed to equip this machine with flat
blades, thus conforming to the predilection in favour of
plane surfaces exhibited by most of the experimenters with
aeroplanes already noticed except Captain Le Bris and M.
Goupil who took a different view as to the best shapes to
employ. In point of fact, as already intimated, those who
have succeeded in the air, the true experts in gliding, the
soaring birds, do not perform their evolutions with plane
surfaces. Their wings are more or less convex on top and
concave beneath, and are warped surfaces of complicated
outlines. It is true that in many cases they do not differ
greatly from planes, and the mind of man so strongly tends
to the simplification of complicated shapes, that most
inventors have assumed that the effect on the air will be
practically the same.
Flight is possible with
flat planes, as witness the butterfly, the dragon fly, and
insects generally, but such creatures are endowed with
greater relative power, as already explained; and, moreover,
the elasticity of their wings produces change of shape under
action. In the case of the birds, although the outer ends of
the feathers are elastic, yet the wing is stiffer as a
whole, and the curved surfaces may prove more efficient than
planes in obtaining support from the air.
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