Enterprise space
shuttle
Enterprise at SLC-6 at Vandenburg AFB
The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter
Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle built for NASA.
She was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield and was
therefore not capable of space operations; her purpose was to perform
test flights in the atmosphere.
Originally, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital
flight, which would have made her the second space shuttle to fly after
Columbia. However, during the construction of Columbia, details of the
final design changed, particularly with regard to the weight of the
fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for flight would have involved
dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors
across the country, an expensive proposition; as such, it was deemed
cheaper to build Challenger around a body frame ("STA-099") that had
been created as a test article. Similarly, Enterprise was considered for
refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but
Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.
Construction was begun on the first Orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated
OV-101, she was originally planned to be named Constitution. However, a
write-in campaign caused her to be renamed after the Starship
Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek.
The design of OV-101 was not the same as that planned for OV-102, the
first flight model; the tail was constructed differently, and she did
not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A large number of subsystems
- ranging from main engines to radar equipment - was not installed on
this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in future was retained.
During summer 1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests,
allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with
theoretical models.
On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell's plant at
Palmdale, California. In keeping with her name, most of the cast of the
original series of Star Trek, as well as creator Gene Roddenberry, were
on hand at the dedication ceremony, and the show's theme music was
played.
Approach & landing tests
On January 31, 1977, she was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research
Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to begin operational testing.
Whilst at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of
ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle
program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the
acronym ALT, for "Approach and Landing Test". These tests included a
maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier
Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and
braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter
subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric
flight.
The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test
flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these
test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated
combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with
Enterprise manned in order to test the shuttle flight control systems.
Finally, Enterprise underwent five free flights where the craft
separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These
tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were
carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations. See ALT
table below for complete list of ALT flight tests.
Retirement
With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially
disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles,
then underwent a world tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United
Kingdom, Canada, and the US states of California, Alabama, and
Louisiana. She was also used to fit-check the never-used shuttle launch
pad, SLC-6 at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985,
Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where she became property of
the Smithsonian Institution.
Post-Challenger
After the Challenger disaster, NASA had a choice of which shuttle to use
as a replacement. They could have refitted Enterprise with all of the
necessary equipment needed for it to be used in space, but instead they
elected to use leftovers from the fabrication of Discovery and Atlantis
to make what is now Endeavour.
Post-Columbia
In 2003, after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia
Accident Investigation Board removed a fibreglass panel from
Enterprise's wing to undergo testing [1]. The test involved firing a
piece of foam at high velocity at the panel. While the panel was not
broken as a result of the test, the impact was enough to permanently
deform a seal. As the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon panel on Columbia was 2.5
times weaker, this strongly suggested that the RCC leading edge would
have been shattered. Additional tests on the fibreglass were cancelled
in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from
Discovery was tested to know the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged
RCC leading edge. A piece of foam from the external fuel tank broke off
and struck the leading edge of Columbia's left wing during launch. The
Columbia Accident Investigation Board determined that this impact caused
a breach of a Reinforced Carbon-Carbon panel along the leading edge of
Columbia's left wing, allowing super-heated gases generated during
re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This caused
Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of all crew.
Current status
Enterprise was at the Smithsonian's hangar at Washington Dulles
International Airport before being moved to the newly-built
Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy
Centre at Dulles, where she is the centrepiece of the space collection.
Test flight |
Date |
Speed |
Altitude |
Crew |
Duration |
Comment |
Taxi test #1 |
February 15,
1977 |
89 mph
143 km/h |
taxi |
none |
taxi |
Concrete runway,
tailcone on |
Taxi test #2 |
February 15,
1977 |
140 mph
225 km/h |
taxi |
none |
taxi |
Concrete runway,
tailcone on |
Taxi test #3 |
February 15,
1977 |
157 mph
253 km/h |
taxi |
none |
taxi |
Concrete runway,
tailcone on |
Captive-inert
flight #1 |
February 18,
1977 |
287 mph
462 km/h |
16,000 ft
4,877 m |
none |
2 h 5 min |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #2 |
February 22,
1977 |
328 mph
528 km/h |
22,600 ft
6,888 m |
none |
3 h 13 min |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #3 |
February 25,
1977 |
425 mph
684 km/h |
26,600 ft
8,108 m |
none |
2 h 28 min |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #4 |
February 28,
1977 |
425 mph
684 km/h |
28,565 ft
8,707 m |
none |
2 h 11 min |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #5 |
March 2,
1977 |
474 mph
763 km/h |
30,000 ft
9,144 m |
none |
1 h 39 min |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #1 |
June 18,
1977 |
208 mph
335 km/h |
14,970 ft
4,563 m |
Fred Haise,
Gordon Fullerton |
55 min 46 s |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #2 |
June 28,
1977 |
310 mph
499 km/h |
22,030 ft
6,715 m |
Joe
Engle,
Richard Truly |
62 min 0 s |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Captive-inert
flight #3 |
July 26,
1977 |
311 mph
501 km/h |
30,292 ft
9,233 m |
Fred Haise,
Gordon Fullerton |
59 min 53 s |
Tailcone on,
landed with 747 |
Free flight #1 |
August 12,
1977 |
310 mph
499 km/h |
24,100 ft
7,346 m |
Fred Haise,
Gordon Fullerton |
5 min 21 s |
Tailcone on,
lakebed landing |
Free flight #2 |
September 13,
1977 |
310 mph
499 km/h |
26,000 ft
7,925 m |
Joe
Engle,
Richard Truly |
5 min 28 s |
Tailcone on,
lakebed landing |
Free flight #3 |
September 23,
1977 |
290 mph
467 km/h |
24,700 ft
7,529 m |
Fred Haise,
Gordon Fullerton |
5 min 34 s |
Tailcone on,
lakebed landing |
Free flight #4 |
October 12,
1977 |
278 mph
447 km/h |
22,400 ft
6,828 m |
Joe
Engle,
Richard Truly |
2 min 34 s |
Tailcone off,
lakebed landing |
Free flight #5 |
October 26,
1977 |
283 mph
456 km/h |
19,000 ft
5,791 m |
Fred Haise,
Gordon Fullerton |
2 min 1 s |
Tailcone off,
runway landing |
Space Shuttle Enterprise and the SCA at CFB Goose Bay, Labrador in 1983
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