Apollo 12 space
mission
Commander
Charles Conrad, Jr.
CSM Pilot
Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
LM Pilot
Alan L. Bean
Rocket: |
Saturn V, AS-507 |
Launch: |
11/14/69, 11:22 a.m EST |
Landing (M): |
11/19/69 |
Lunar Location: |
Ocean of Storms |
Landing (E): |
11/24/69, 3:58 p.m. EST |
Duration: |
10 days, 4 hrs, 36 min |
Recovery: |
3.5 km, U.S.S. Hornet |
Orbits (M): |
45 (3 days, 17 hrs, 2 min) |
CSM: |
Yankee Clipper, CSM-108 |
LM: |
Intrepid, LM-6 |
Rocks: |
75.7 lbs |
Surface time: |
1 day, 7 hrs, 31 min |
The primary objectives of Apollo 12 were: 1)
Prove a pinpoint landing was possible. Apollo 11 had landed 4 miles from their
intended target and geologists needed a pinpoint landing for detailed studies of
specific areas. 2) Set up an autonomous scientific station called the Apollo
Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP). This consisted of seismometer to
measure moonquakes, a magnetometer to look for a lunar magnetic field, a sensor
to sniff out the moon's tenuous atmosphere, and another sensor to search for
ions and analyze high-energy subatomic particles. 3) Visit the Surveyor III
spacecraft and return pieces of the probe for study.
On the day of Apollo 12's launch, it was cold,
cloudy and wet. Despite the light rain showers and overcast skies, a large crowd
was on hand to witness the launch, including President and Mrs. Nixon, marking
the first and only appearance of an incumbent chief executive to witness an
Apollo launch. As the cold rain drenched the spectators, Commander Pete Conrad
noticed water leaking between the boost protective cover and the spacecraft. He
later recalled, "I could see water on my two windows - window 1 and 2. We
experienced varying amounts passing across these windows, dependent on how
heavily it was raining." The Apollo spacecraft was designed to be launched
during rain and as a Captain in the Navy, Pete Conrad had said that he was ready
to do NASA's "all weather" testing. It didn't take long after launch for him to
almost regret those thoughts.
Lift off occurred on schedule on November 14, 1969, at 11:22
a.m. EST. Thirty-six seconds later, as the space vehicle reached 2,000 meters,
it was struck by lightning. As Conrad would later recall, "I was aware of a
white light. I knew that we were in the clouds; and although I was watching the
gauges I was aware of a white light. The next thing I noted was that I heard the
master alarm ringing in my ears and I glanced over to the caution and warning
panel and it was a sight to behold." Almost every warning light that had
anything to do with the electrical system was on. Apollo 12, trailing a plume of
ionized (and electrically conductive) exhaust gas, had triggered a lightning
discharge. Sixteen seconds later, at an altitude of 4,400 meters, they sustained
a second lightning discharge. Conrad told Houston, "We just lost the
[stabilizing] platform, gang: I don't know what happened here; we had everything
in the world drop out."
At mission control, John Aaron, a bright young flight
controller in charge of the electrical system, had no telemetry data on his
screen. Aaron had seen this problem before during simulator runs a year before
and knew how to fix it. Confidently he said, "Flight, try SCE (Signal Condition
Equipment) to Aux." This command was so obscure that neither the flight
director, Capcom nor Pete Conrad knew what it meant. It was Alan Bean that knew
where to find the switch and moments later, telemetry was back.
Despite the unnerving lightning incident, Apollo 12 flew
smoothly into a normal earth orbit. Once the inertial guidance system was
realigned and all systems checked out, they heard the message they'd been
waiting for: "Apollo 12, the good word is you're Go for TLI (Translunar
Injection)." What they were not told was that mission control feared that the
lighting had damaged the pyrotechnic system used to deploy the parachutes needed
for recovery. If the parachutes didn't work they would die during splashdown.
Mission control decided to continue the mission since this would not affect the
moon landing. Once they relit the third stage and headed for the moon, Conrad
said, "Al Bean, you're on your way to the moon." To which Bean replied, "Yeah.
Y'all can come along if you like."
Three and a half hours into the flight, command module pilot
Dick Gordon turned command module Yankee Clipper around, extracted the lunar
module Intrepid from its stowage site atop the third stage. The only midcourse
correction was significant. All three previous Apollo flights to the moon were
along a trajectory called a "free return" that would allow the spacecraft to
loop the moon and returning to earth if it failed to attain lunar orbit.
However, to reach the desired landing site, Apollo 12 had to enter a hybrid
trajectory that would not allow free return.
Arriving at the moon 83 1/2 hours after liftoff, Conrad fired
the main propulsion engine for almost 6 minutes to go into an elliptical lunar
orbit. Five hours later a second burn put the spacecraft into a circular orbit
at 60 nautical miles (111 kilometres) altitude, where Yankee Clipper would stay
until it was time to return to earth. The spacecraft passed over and
photographed Apollo 13's landing area in the Fra Mauro formation, and on the
tenth revolution Conrad notified Capcom Gerald Carr that "you can tell good
Captain Shaky [Jim Lovell, commander of Apollo 13] that he can relax. We've got
his pictures."
After Conrad and Bean entered and activated the lunar module,
command module pilot Dick Gordon turned the spacecraft so that the long axis of
the command and service module was perpendicular to the flight path with the
lunar module outward from the moon. He retracted the docking latches, and fired
his attitude-control thrusters to move Yankee Clipper away from Intrepid. On the
back side of the moon in the 13th revolution, the computer triggered a 29-second
firing of the descent engine, bringing the low point of Intrepid's orbit to 8.1
nautical miles (15 kilometres). As the lander passed north of Mare Nectaris,
Conrad turned it on its back with the descent engine pointed along the flight
path and switched the engine on to begin the final approach.
At 7,000 feet, Intrepid nosed over into a near-upright
position and, Conrad could see the lunar surface for the first time. The
principal landmark identifying his landing point was a pattern of craters the
astronauts called "Snowman"; Surveyor III lay halfway up the eastern wall of the
crater that was the Snowman's torso. Intrepid was targeted for the centre of the
crater. As soon as he could see out the window, Conrad exclaimed, "Hey, there it
is [Snowman]! There it is! Son of a gun! Right down the middle of the road!"
Then, as Bean called out altitude, velocity, and quantity of fuel remaining;
Conrad manoeuvred the craft with his hand controller to pick a smooth spot to
land on. The engine exhaust began kicking up dust about a hundred feet (30
meters) above the surface and by the time Intrepid reached 50 feet (15 meters)
the cloud obscured the surface completely. At 1:54:36 a.m. EST on November 19th,
Pete Conrad made a blind landing - exactly where, he could not tell, but
certainly close to the intended spot. Had there been windows in the back of the
lunar module, Conrad could have spotted the Surveyor as soon as the dust
settled, 535 feet (163 meters) away. He had made a blind, pinpoint landing.
Five and half-hours after landing, Conrad squeezed out the
hatch, then clambered down the ladder to the bottom rung. Conrad knew that
people would not remember what was said by the third man to set foot on the moon
but he also knew what he was going to say because he had a bet to win. An
Italian journalist he knew was convinced that NASA had told Neil Armstrong what
to say and Conrad could not convince her otherwise. As proof this was not so,
Conrad had written down ahead of time what he was going to say and bet her $500
he would say it. As he stepped off onto the landing pad Conrad remarked the
words he had written in the summer of 1969, "Whoopie! Man, that [step] may have
been a small one for Neil, but it's a long one for me." (According to Conrad, he
was never able to collect on the bet). One of the first things he noticed was
that he was going to get extremely dirty: the surface dust was finer and deeper
than he had expected.
After Conrad had collected the contingency sample Bean joined
him on the surface, bringing the television camera with him. A few minutes later
Houston reported that the camera was not working. Cursory attempts at
trouble-shooting (including hitting it with a hammer) were fruitless, and
television coverage for the mission - desirable but not essential - had to be
written off. Later examination determined that the image-tube target in the
camera had been damaged by exposure to intense light. Apparently Bean had
inadvertently pointed the camera at the sun or a reflection off the lunar module
while helping Conrad set up a directional antenna.
The primary objective of their first excursion was to deploy
the scientific experiments. On the cuff of their left arm was a checklist for
them to follow during their EVA's on the moon. However, the backup crew of Dave
Scott and Jim Irwin had arranged for a few "additions". There, on the pages of
the checklist, were cartoons of Conrad and Bean as Snoopy, the beagle from the
comic strip "Peanuts". But what really made them laugh were the Playboy pinups
annotated with proper geological terminology: "Don't forget: Describe the
protuberance..."
Conrad and Bean unloaded the scientific package easily,
picked a spot 130 meters (425 feet) northwest of the lander, and laid out the
instruments without any serious difficulty. After nearly four hours on the
surface, the astronauts returned to the lunar module, dusted each other off as
best they could without a brush or vacuum cleaner, and climbed back inside.
After a brief evaluation of the day's work and some
discussion of the next day's plans, Houston signed off and the two astronauts
strung up their hammocks and turned in. On Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin had difficulty finding a way to sleep comfortably in the cramped LM.
Hammocks were added on Apollo 12 and Conrad and Bean found them quite
comfortable in lunar gravity. Even in the bulky space suits their weight was
barely enough to sag the Beta-cloth hammocks.
Neither one could get much sleep though. Just as they would
fall asleep, the pitch of Intrepid's cooling pumps would change and wake them
up. Then there were the space suits, even with the helmets and gloves off they
were uncomfortable to sleep in. They would have preferred to take them off but
with all the dust there was a risk of clogging a zipper or wrist ring. Conrad
was also in pain from a misadjusted suit. The right leg was a little too short
and his suit bore down on his shoulder. Bean spent nearly an hour readjusting
Conrad's suit.
During the second EVA which lasted about four hours, Conrad
and Bean covered more than one kilometre (3,300 feet), following a large-scale
photographic map prepared for the traverse. On the nearly featureless lunar
surface colours and textures were not always easy to determine, and when they
were, the astronauts tended to use non-scientific terms in describing them -
probably a symptom of their sensitivity to possible misuse of geological
terminology. At one point Conrad noted a rock containing a "ginger-ale-bottle
green" crystal (which was probably olivine). After Buzz Aldrin drew criticism
from scientists for his misidentification of biotite, Conrad and Bean may have
been more sensitive to what they were saying. Conrad later admitted he was
fairly sure the sample was olivine, but "he wasn't about to say so," for fear of
making a mistake.
Two hours into the traverse the astronauts were on the edge
of the Surveyor crater. The slope of the crater wall was much less than it had
appeared the day before, when the low sun cast long, deceptive shadows. Pausing
to reload a camera and survey the situation, they decided it would be easier to
walk across the slope of the crater wall rather than come down from the rim.
Approaching from the side, they could take photographs of the landing-pad
imprints and the trenches dug by Surveyor's remotely controlled arm without
disturbing the surface. These would be compared with television pictures
transmitted from the spacecraft immediately after its landing.
Now that they were at Surveyor, it was time for Conrad and
Bean's little surprise. Prior to the mission, they had received an automatic
timer for the Hasselblad camera and Conrad had smuggled it onboard in the pocket
of his space suit. What they wanted to do was mount the camera on the tool
carrier and then pose, side by side, next to the Surveyor. Conrad couldn't wait
to hear people ask, 'Who took the picture?' Prior to this EVA Conrad had placed
the timer in the tool carrier. The problem was it was now full of rocks and
lunar dust. Bean realized too much precious time was being spent looking for it
and that it was buried inside the tool bag, lost amidst all the dust.
Examination of the Surveyor, the only human artefact ever
encountered in lunar exploration, was among the more interesting parts of the
mission for Conrad and Bean. What they noticed first was that much of its
originally white surface had turned brown - a change they attributed to a
deposit of dust when they found it could be wiped off. After photographing the
surrounding surface and examining the spacecraft, they removed the Surveyor's
television camera and cut off pieces of electrical cable and structural tubing
for study by scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. They decided to remove
the trenching scoop as well and collected soil samples.
Back in their spacecraft, Conrad and Bean noticed that they
had carried in considerably more lunar dust than Armstrong and Aldrin had
reported. Conrad told Houston they looked like "a couple of bituminous coal
miners right at the moment, but we're happy." Sitting on the floor in his grimy
space suit, Conrad couldn't believe that he and Bean had climbed back into the
LM after only four hours outside during their second excursion and with a couple
of hours of extra oxygen still in their backpacks. He was frustrated but he had
agreed that if mission control gave him one time extension, he wouldn't ask for
another.
Despite the fact that they had tripled the existing record
for lunar surface activity, spending 7 hours and 45 minutes on the lunar
surface, Bean and Conrad were not exhausted and had expended about 10 percent
less energy than anticipated. Both returned to the lunar module with almost 40
percent of their oxygen supply remaining on both excursions. So with time to
kill, two dirty, tired but happy "coal miners" ate lunch and started on their
checklist for liftoff.
Prior to Intrepid's liftoff from the moon, Conrad could see
that Bean was nervous. He had had similar feelings during Gemini V wondering,
after a week in the frigid cold of space, if the retro rockets would fire.
Conrad asked, "Beano, are you worried about the engine?" When Bean answered
'Yep', Conrad tried a humour him by saying, "Well, there's no sense worrying
about it, Al, because if it don't work, we're just gonna became the first
permanent monument to the space program." Later in the morning of November 20,
1969, Intrepid's ascent stage lifted off the moon on time.
During the hour and a half it would take for Intrepid to
rendezvous, Commander Pete Conrad asked Lunar Module Pilot Alan Bean if he would
like to take a minute and fly Intrepid. The fact was that even though Bean was
called the " lunar module pilot", all the flying was done by the commander.
While other commanders may not have thought of or allowed it, Conrad had the
compassion to share a flying experience that most astronauts would never know.
When Alan Bean questioned the fact that mission control might find out, it
became apparent that Conrad had this all planed out; they were on the backside
of the moon and no one would know. So, for a brief few minutes, on the backside
of the moon, Alan Bean became a true lunar module pilot thanks to his good
friend, Pete Conrad.
Back in lunar orbit, the dust the lunar explorers had brought
in with them began to float, thick enough to be visible in the cabin. After the
two spacecraft had docked they attempted to vacuum up the dust, with little
success. When command module pilot Dick Gordon opened the tunnel to the LM, he
saw two dim figures floating in a cloud of dust. He refused to allow them back
in to mess up his "nice clean spacecraft", possibly because it might cause
electrical problems or possibly to harass his friends that he was so happy to
see. So he made Conrad and Bean remove and package their filthy suits, hoping to
minimize contamination of the command module.
In spite of their efforts, considerable dust clung to
everything they brought back and remained suspended in the atmosphere; the
environmental control system seemed not to filter it out as completely as had
been expected. With little time left before they had to jettison the lunar
module, Conrad and Bean strapped themselves into their command module seats the
same way they had entered the world...naked.
Intrepid, now a useless hulk, still had one more contribution
to make to the scientific objectives of the mission. For the benefit of
seismologists wanting to calibrate the instrument that Conrad and Bean had just
left on the moon, Mission Control now burned the empty spacecraft's remaining
fuel to take it out of orbit. At a speed of 1.67 kilometres per second (3,735
miles per hour) the ascent stage ploughed into the moon 76 kilometres (47 miles)
east-southeast of the instrument package, producing a bizarre response: the
seismometer recorded vibrations that persisted almost undiminished for nearly an
hour. It was so completely unlike anything ever seen on earth that seismologists
had no immediate explanation. One scientist compared the result to striking a
church bell and hearing the reverberations for 30 minutes.
Yankee Clipper stayed in lunar orbit for 11 more revolutions,
finishing up photography and landmark tracking, looking at sites being
considered for Apollo 14 and 15. Then the crew boosted their spacecraft out of
lunar orbit and settled in for the three-day voyage home.
Early on the morning of November 24, Apollo 12 splashed down
some 600 kilometres (375 miles) east of Pago Pago, 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from
the recovery ship U.S.S. Hornet. The concern over the parachute pyrotechnics
being damaged by the lightning strike was unfounded. The landing was rough
however. Apparently Yankee Clipper hit a rising wave as it swung on its
parachutes hard enough to dislodge a 16-mm movie camera from its bracket and
slam it into Alan Bean's forehead, momentarily stunning him and opening a 1-inch
(2.5-centimeter) cut, which Conrad bandaged.
The recovery swimmers soon arrived, tossed respirators and
coveralls - replacing the biological isolation garments that the Apollo 11 crew
had found so objectionable - into the command module, then assisted the
astronauts into the raft. The astronauts had a four day trip aboard ship to
Hawaii, then a nine-hour flight to Houston. On the morning of November 29,
Conrad, Bean, and Gordon entered the Lunar Receiving Laboratory for their 11-day
stay in quarantine.
Apollo 12 was a complete success on many fronts. The
procedural changes incorporated to improve landing accuracy had allowed Conrad
to put Intrepid down within sight of Surveyor III, exactly as intended. Now
astronauts could go places the scientists wanted them to. Lunar exploration had
been easy for both Conrad and Bean. They had oxygen to spare when they returned
with nearly 75 pounds (34 kilograms) of samples from the surface of Oceanus
Procellarum. The surface experiments they had set up were returning streams of
data, and scientists agreed the astronauts had done a remarkable job.
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