The
Gulf War was an anomaly compared to other wars of the second half of the
20th century. It was fought on a clearly delineated battlefield against
known enemies and with a clear objective. But the weapons used were like
those from a science fiction novel. There were silent airplanes that
could not be tracked from the ground, bombs that could be steered to hit
a target the size of a chair, missiles that could destroy other missiles
in midair, and satellites that could tell a person in the middle of the
trackless desert where they were. Damage assessment was done through
television news. It was a posthumous victory for the U.S. Air Force’s
first Chief of Staff, Henry "Hap" Arnold, who had dedicated his service
to research and development for technology that would win wars quickly
and with as few casualties as possible. The technology that had cost
billions of dollars in the preceding decades was unleashed in a massive
demonstration of American power. All levels of air power including
stealth bombers, aircraft carriers, cruise missiles, troop helicopters,
and satellites worked together to ensure perhaps the fastest ground
campaign in history.
When
the Iran-Iraq War ended with a ceasefire in 1988, both countries were
decimated, and Iraq had accumulated more than $40 million in debt. But
rather than working to rebuild his country, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein
threatened Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, two neighbouring
countries that Iraq held an ancient claim on. He ordered them to cut
their oil production to raise its price and not only to forgive Iraq’s
debts, but also to compensate Iraq for "protection" from Iran. Although
the countries did cut oil production, the demands were just an excuse
for invasion, and on August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.
The
invasion began at 2 a.m., as tanks and armoured units rolled down a
superhighway connecting the two countries. They were covered by
aircraft, including Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopter gunships and Sukhoi ground
attack aircraft. The Kuwaitis attempted to fight back. Their air force
launched U.S.-built Hawk surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and downed 23
Iraq Air Force (IQAF) airplanes, but their supply was quickly exhausted.
Pilots took to the air to try to fight back, but quickly found it safer
to fly to safety in Saudi Arabia. By dawn, Iraq had control of Kuwait.
The
world was shocked. That day the United Nations Security Council demanded
that Iraq withdraw immediately. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, fearing his
country would be next, asked the world to help, offering air bases and
facilities. Many countries jumped to action. The United States
immediately began a mobilization to the area by sending 48 McDonnell
Douglas F-15 Eagles. In reaction, on August 8, Hussein annexed Kuwait as
Iraq’s 19th Province. Later that day, U.S. President George Bush
announced he was sending troops to the region and the aircraft carrier
USS Dwight Eisenhower was heading toward the Persian Gulf. Operation
Desert Shield had begun.
Following the American example, nations around the world organized
either to send troops or to help the effort financially. Although the
United States sent the largest force, Great Britain, France, Argentina,
Belgium, Egypt, Germany, Italy, Canada, New Zealand, South Korea,
Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, the Netherlands, and
Australia all sent either aviation or naval help. The coalition was
given legal status through U.N. Resolution 665, passed August 25.
Alliances which were unimaginable a year before took place, such as a
Royal Air Force maritime patrol plane assisting a Soviet warship in
intercepting an Iraqi blockade-running ship.
While
these forces built up, Saddam Hussein was watching commentators on
television, especially on Cable News Network (CNN), who were predicting
disaster for the coalition. His air force was considered the sixth best
in the world and he felt that he could be victorious, especially if he
could convince other Arab nations to leave the coalition. He also
announced that Western nationals, trapped in Iraq, would be held at
targets as "human shields." Although he released all the captives by
December 6, this maneuver demonstrated his potential ruthlessness.
By
November, the focus of the coalition had shifted from protecting Saudi
Arabia to expelling Iraq from Kuwait. On November 29, the United Nations
passed Resolution 678, ordering Iraq to leave by January 15, 1991. The
U.S. Congress authorized President Bush to use force against Iraq on
January 12, 1991.
January 15 arrived and Iraq remained in Kuwait. The coalition’s attack,
named Operation Desert Storm, began on January 17. Soon after midnight,
a force of Lockheed F-117A Nighthawks flew into Baghdad. And although
Baghdad had seven times the defences of Hanoi during the Linebacker II
raids, these stealth airplanes slipped silently through them, dropping
Paveway laser-guided bombs on various sites around the city. Tomahawk
missiles launched from aircraft carriers were also hitting various
targets.
F-15C, D and E models were
deployed to the Persian Gulf in 1991 in support of Operation Desert
Storm where they proved their superior combat capability with a
confirmed 26:0 kill ratio. F-15 fighters accounted for 36 of the 39 Air
Force air-to-air victories. F-15Es were operated mainly at night,
hunting SCUD missile launchers and artillery sites.
The
world watched the attacks live on CNN but was unaware that amidst the
images of thick anti-aircraft fire around the city, America’s newest
aircraft were darting effortlessly to their marks. And military
officials did not need to wait for reconnaissance reports to confirm
target hits. One of the targets was the AT&T communications building in
Baghdad and with reporters from CNN reporting live on the air via
telephone, Pentagon officials knew the target had been struck when they
were suddenly cut off.
In Operation Desert Storm, B-52s
struck wide-area troop concentrations, fixed installations and bunkers,
and decimated the morale of Iraq's Republican Guard. The Gulf War
involved the longest strike mission in the history of aerial warfare
when B-52s took off from Barksdale Air Force Base, La., launched
conventional air launched cruise missiles and returned to Barksdale -- a
35-hour, non-stop combat mission.
Throughout the first day, 655 coalition aircraft flew 1,322 sorties
against communication centres and airfields. Planes from the IQAF tried
to fight the coalition planes, but their older technology was no match.
By the second day, they were fleeing for airfields in neutral Iran. Some
thought this was a sign of victory, although others were worried that
they had been sent there to wait until the ground war had begun. Within
24 hours, the coalition achieved air superiority and was free to destroy
Iraq’s command and control centres and to cut communications between
Baghdad and Kuwait. Other planes began to take aim at the Iraqi troops
on the ground, destroying tanks, bunkers, and highways.
In the Gulf War, A-10s, with a
mission capable rate of 95.7 percent, flew 8,100 sorties and launched 90
percent of the AGM-65 Maverick missiles.
But
there was an unexpected delay to the air war. On January 17, Iraq
launched its first Scud missile. The SS-1 Scud surface-to-surface
missile was built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s and sold to Iraq
in the 1970s. The Scuds had limited range and accuracy but were useful
weapons of terror. Coalition intelligence had underestimated their
numbers and failed to account for them in the war plans. Hussein was
using them to break the coalition. By firing them at Israel, he hoped to
draw that country into the war, knowing the Arab nations would not fight
alongside Israel. And he fired them at Saudi Arabia to try to convince
it that it was too risky to host the coalition. Both attempts failed as
the United States rushed Raytheon MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries to
protect the two countries. The Patriot was not perfect--it did not
always intercept the Scud and even when it did, the falling debris often
inflicted damage. But the Patriot missile was a major political weapon
for keeping Israel and Saudi Arabia happy and to CNN, it made for
exciting television.
For a
month, airplanes and helicopters pounded away at any targets that might
contribute to the ground war, from destruction of communications
buildings and bridges to dropping "Daisy Cutter" bombs over the possible
frontline to destroy landmines. Precision bombs were used to decrease
errors and casualties. Their accuracy was such that a hit was only
considered "on target" if it was within 10 feet (three meters) of its
mark, very different from World War II, when the hit had to be within
1,000 feet (305 meters) of the target.
On
February 24, the ground war began. But there was not much left of the
Iraqi military. The remaining soldiers had no communications with
command, no reinforcements, and little food or water. Having watched
their tanks and vehicles being destroyed, the once-feared Iraqi troops
suffered extremely low morale and deserted or surrendered quickly. The
hundred hours of the ground war were spent processing prisoners and
negotiating around bombed locations. Iraq accepted a ceasefire on
February 28 without ever really fighting. Coalition casualties were
extremely low, although one quarter was the result of friendly fire.
Air
Force officials celebrated the victory as a triumph of air power 60
years after the early air power prophets predicted that air power alone
could win wars. They cited the desalination plant in Kuwait City being
destroyed on February 24 (with orders issued before the ground campaign
began) as a sign that the Iraqis were planning to retreat before ground
troops arrived. The victory of air power in the Gulf War was definitely
a victory for the Air Force’s technology development program. Stealth
aircraft, "smart" bombs, Patriot missiles, the Global Positioning
System, F/A-18 Hornets, and other new technologies, supplemented older
technologies such as the B-52 Stratofortress and Huey helicopters to
destroy a war machine that was regarded as dangerous but in the end, was
not advanced enough to fight the world.