Saburo
Sakai
Saburo Sakai
August 16, 1916 - September 22, 2000
Saburo Sakai was born August 26th 1916 in the farming village of
Nishiyoka in Saga prefecture on Kyushu island, Japan. He came from a
family descended from a long line of Samurai, Japan's ancient
warrior class. Taught to live by the code of Bushido (Hagakure - the
code of the Samurai), which meant serving the lords of Saga and
living your life prepared to die. Sakai, the third born of four
sons, had 3 sisters. His father died when he was eleven leaving his
mother alone to raise seven children on a one acre farm. He had an
uncle that worked for the Ministry of Communications who offered to
adopt him and provide for a better education. Sakai was not prepared
for the change however because although he was always at the top of
his class back home, his new school proved to be out of his league.
As education was always taken very seriously in Japan, he quickly
became the "black sheep" of his new class.
This brought shame to the
family and his uncle was very disappointed. Saburo spent that whole
summer studying trying to catch up but it was futile. He began
hanging around with kids his uncle did not approve of and picking
fights with larger boys. Yes, young Saburo Sakai was beginning to
make his mark as a fighter. Unfortunately, his school was not as
impressed as I am and they sent a note to his uncle who quickly sent
him home in disgrace. This brought great shame not only to Saburo
and his family but also to the entire village. "I knew that I had to
leave my village. I could not stay there any longer so I enlisted in
the navy when I was sixteen. This was in May 1933. I reported to
Sasebo Naval Base for training, which was about ninety kilometres
from my village, but far enough away for me."
As hard as life was, growing up a fatherless boy under the code of
Hagakure, even this harsh upbringing could not prepare him for the
brutality of his basic training. Recruits were severely beaten with
rattan sticks for the slightest perceived infractions. "I remember
sometimes passing out from the blows. The body and mind can take
only so much punishment". When a recruit passed out they'd throw
cold water on him to revive him. It was not uncommon for the petty
officers to drag a man from his bunk in the middle of the night and
throw the beats on him. If any man cried out he was given more
"discipline". Said Sakai - "We were to suffer in silence. Period".
Peer pressure was considered the best medicine for correcting
"mistakes" so when one recruit screwed up they all paid. "Although
there were some who were sadistic, there was a method in all of this
madness. It made us tough as nails, and in battle this is often the
decisive factor. After the first six months we were completely
automated in our manner. We dared not, or even thought about
questioning orders or authority, no matter how ridiculous the
order". He graduated from basic training and was assigned to the
battleship Kirishima as a turret gunner. The treatment there was no
better. Wanting to raise his station in life, Saburo studied long
and hard and in 1935 he passed the Naval Gunnery School entrance
exam. Afterwards he was assigned to the battleship Haruna as petty
officer 3rd class.
"This ship had sixteen-inch guns, the largest in
the world at that time; this class of battleship would only be
surpassed by the Yamato and Musashi, and all the world knew we had
the best great ships."
Sakai speaks of the flight school recruiting process: "there were
three ways to enter flight school in the early days. Remember that
the recruiting method in the time before 1941 was very different
than after we were at war with your country. The need for pilots
caused the quality to drop steeply as the war went on. However, in
1937 when I was selected, there were three ways to get in: Officers
graduating from the Naval Academy at Eta Jima, petty officers from
the fleet, and young men recruited from the schools who would start
their careers as pilots, similar to your ROTC program today. Pilot
selection was very strict; the men chosen in 1937 when I was
selected were a different breed. The men selected to fly in 1944-45
would not have been qualified to even pump fuel into my aircraft at
this time, if that shows you how select the program was. I remember
that 1,500 men had applied for training, and seventy had been
selected that year.
I was one of them, and all were non-commissioned
officers from the fleet. This does not include the ensigns coming
from the academy; they had their own selection process. That year I
do not believe any civilian recruits were chosen, but that would
change as the war with America continued. I was twenty years old; I
knew that my acceptance into flight school dismissed my previous
dishonour, and my uncle and family were so proud of me. The entire
village was proud of me. I knew this was my greatest and last
chance, and when I reported to Tsuchiura, I knew this was a
completely different world." In 1936 he began flight training.
After graduation, "We had additional training in land and aircraft
carrier landings at the Naval bases of Oita and Omura in Kyushu, and
instrument flying was stressed heavily. This cannot be
underestimated, for it saved my life in 1942 I can tell you. This
training lasted three months, although I never flew from a carrier
during the war. Then I was sent to Formosa (Taiwan) where we had a
base at Kaohsiung. Then I was sent to south-eastern China and in May
1938 I had my first combat."
On December 8, 1941, only hours after Pearl Harbour, Sakai flew one
of 45 Zero’s from Tainan Squadron that attacked Clark airfield in
the Philippines. "We started our day at 0200 hours. Our take off was
ordered by the commander Saito, but a fog came in and we were
delayed. We stayed with our planes waiting, and had breakfast. We
received the news of the attack on Pearl Harbour and the Aleutians,
and we wondered if the Americans would be expecting us during our
attack. Finally at 1000 we were ordered to take off. The mission
started badly when a bomber crashed on take-off killing all of the
crew. We took off and reached 19,000 feet when I saw a formation of
American bombers coming towards our airfield. The Americans always
had great reconnaissance and knew where we were. Our orders as the
top fighter cover were to attack any aircraft coming towards the
base, so we attacked and allowed the others to continue on.
Then we
saw that these planes were Japanese Army bombers on a routing
flight, and no one had informed the navy that they were coming or
even in the area. This was almost tragic. We reformed and continued
on. When we arrived over Clark Field we were amazed that we had not
been intercepted, although there were five American fighters below
us who did not attack, and we could not; our orders were to not
engage until all of our bombers were in the area. I was also amazed
that all of the American planes were in perfect alignment for an
attack, and we strafed and bombed, and thoroughly destroyed
everything. After the bombers destroyed the base I saw two B- 17s
and went into a strafing attack. We had already dropped our empty
external fuel tanks, and we swept in with guns blazing. My two wing
men and I shot them up, and as we pulled out the five P-40s we had
seen jumped us. This was my first combat against Americans, and I
shot down one. We had destroyed four in the air and thirty-five on
the ground. This was my third air victory, and the first American,
but not the last. I flew missions the next day, and the weather was
terrible, a rainstorm that blinded us. The third day was 10 December
and we had twenty-seven fighters on this sweep, and this was when I
caught a B-17 that was flown by Captain Colin P. Kelley. This was
the first B-17 shot down during the war."
Japan destroyed most of the allied air force in the Pacific in just
a few months and Sakai’s Tainan Squadron became known for destroying
the most allied planes in the history of Japanese military aviation.
On August 7, 1942, 18 Zeroes received the order to attack
Guadalcanal. The range from Rabaul was 560 miles, barely within the
range of the Zero fighters. Sakai shot down 3 F4F's in this battle
and then found 8 enemy planes in the distance, which he presumed to
be F4F’s as well. Sakai was wrong. They were SBD Dauntless
dive-bombers, which carried rear machine gunners. Sakai's Zero
became a target for 16 guns. Sakai shot down 3 SBD’s, but was struck
across his head by a bullet, enough to almost blind one eye and
leave him somewhat paralyzed. He survived, flying 4 hours and almost
600 miles back to Rabaul. He barely had eyesight but was able to
land his plane. By the time he landed, his gas tank was empty.
Sakai resumed flying air combat, but his bad eye sight got him into
trouble. On June 24 1944, he approached 15 planes that he thought
were Zeros, but were U.S. Navy Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters. In a
high-flying chase that has become legendary, Sakai eluded every
single attack from 15 Hellcats for over 20 minutes, returning to
base untouched.
Here's an interesting story that just might be true...
Several years ago, a former Dutch military nurse contacted the
Japanese Military, attempting to locate a Japanese fighter pilot
that spared her life over New Guinea in 1942. She was flying in a
Dutch military C-47 at low altitude over dense jungle. On board were
11 wounded soldiers and 6 children being evacuated from a combat
area. Suddenly, a Japanese Zero appeared alongside the plane. It is
not hard to imagination their panic as she and the children began
frantically waving, hoping to ward off an attack. After a few
moments of terror, the Zero pilot waved back, gave a quick wing
wobble and flew away. The C-47 erupted with cheers.
For over fifty years, this Dutch nurse wanted to meet the pilot who
had spared their lives. The Japanese Military located that pilot and
it was none other than Saburo Sakai, who had been flying combat air
patrol on that day. Sakai had thought about downing the C-47 for a
moment as was the order of the day, but seeing the waving hands and
terrified faces, he was moved to mercy.
Another story to add here is when Saburo went in combat against a
Hudson (serial A16-201) of the 32nd Squadron of the RAAF during an
air cover mission over Buna on July 22 1942. Hoping to down the plane
easily Sakai took pursuit of the twin-engine bomber , the bomber
flown by Plt/Off Warren F. Cowan however made a brusque turn back in
order to perform a head to head attack on Sakai's Zero, in position
of inferiority bearing odds of 8 to 1 Cowan maintained his position
dispersing the Zero's in total disorder before Sakai finally shot
him down. Sakai being the sole surviving witness of this fact he
decides to send his testimony to the Australian Ministry of Defence
in 1997 asking that a posthumous citation would be given to Cowan and
his crew. It was refused by the Australian Ministry of Defence.....
After 7 years and some 200 combat missions resulting in an estimated
64 kills, Saburo Sakai flew his last one on August 17, 1945. (Japan
surrendered August 14, 1945) "I had a chance to combat the B-29
formations, and I must say that their speed and altitude were
incredible, and their defensive fire was very accurate and heavy. I
assisted in the destruction one bomber that crashed in the ocean.
This mission was launched after we were ordered to stand down and
surrender, so it never went into the official records, but the USAF
records recorded the loss over Tokyo Bay.
Saburo Sakai was indeed an Ace, downing 64 Allied aircraft, and most
of all, never losing a wingman in over 200 missions. He experienced
injuries, but always brought his aircraft home. After WWII, Sakai’s
writings described the cruel reality of war and combat. Starting
from his book "Samurai", he kept writing and lecturing on leadership
based on his experience.
Soon after the war, appalled not only with the loss of life that his
countrymen had suffered, but seeking atonement for the loss of life
he had brought about peering through his own gun sights and squeezing
a trigger, Sakai became a lay Buddhist acolyte, a devotion which he
continues to this day. According to Sakai, he has not killed any
creature, "not even a mosquito," since the last time he stepped from
the cockpit of his A6M5 "Zero" one hot August day in 1945.
On September 22nd, 2000, he attended a party at the American Atsugi
Military base. He had dinner, but felt sick and was taken to the
Hospital. During various examinations, Sakai asked the Doctor "May I
sleep now?" and his Doctor responded "Yes, you can sleep while we
proceed". Saburo Sakai closed his eyes and never opened them again.
Japan’s legendary Ace had died at the age of 84.
Saburo a few years before his death
Sakai signature and slogan "Never Give Up" |